Too Much Is Never Enough: The Cautionary Tale of Soviet Illegal Whaling

Despite being a signatory to the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling in 1946, the U.S.S.R. conducted a 30-yr campaign of illegal whaling which arguably represents one of the greatest failures of management in the history of the industry. Here, using a variety of sources including published literature, formerly secret Soviet industry reports, and interviews with former biologists and whalers, we provide an overview of the history, scope, and economic origins of Soviet whaling and examine the domestic and international political context in which it was set. At various times from 1933 into the 1970’s, the U.S.S.R. operated a total of seven whaling factory fl eets and several shore whaling stations. We estimate that 534,119 whales were killed, of which 178,726 were not reported to the International Whaling Commission (IWC). In the Southern Hemisphere, the greatest impact of these catches was on humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, where (mostly illegal) takes of more than 48,000 whales precipitated a population crash and closure of shore whaling stations in Australia and New Zealand. The Southern Hemisphere also saw large illegal catches of southern right whales, Eubalaena australis. In the North Pacifi c, the greatest impacts were on sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus (where data on sex and length were routinely misreported together with falsifi ed total catches), as well as on the two already-small populations of right whales, Eubalaena japonica, across the North Pacifi c, and bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, in the Okhotsk Sea. Soviet whaling was driven by the state industrial planning system, which frequently set high production targets without regard to the ability of the resource to sustain the Introduction In this article, we trace the history and details of what might be called one of the 20th century’s more notorious environmental crimes: the global campaign of illegal whaling conducted by the U.S.S.R. between 1948 and 19721, a campaign that, together with the poorly managed “legal” whaling of other nations, devastated many whale populations. It is a story of the sprawling Soviet planning system’s obsession with attaining production goals despite limited and diminishing resources, and of the U.S.S.R.’s desire to do every1In 1972 an International Observer Scheme was introduced and large-scale Soviet unrestricted catches ceased, but some falsifi cations of catch data continued on at least some Soviet fl eets for a few more years (Mikhalev et al., 2009). thing bigger and better than other nations, especially those in the capitalist world. More than anything, this is a cautionary tale of the failure of other whaling nations and the International Whaling Commission (IWC) to react to mounting evidence of declining whale stocks, and to adequately monitor adherence to regulations and catch limits2 as set through international